Arduinoで電圧計を作る：LCD表示とキャリブレーションで0〜25 Vを測定

1// Arduino voltmetre: 0-25 V gerilim sensörü modülü / Arduino voltmeter: 0-25 V voltage sensor module
2// Modül S -> A0, modül - -> GND / module S -> A0, module - -> GND
3// Ölçülen kaynak modülün VCC ve GND klemensine / measured source goes to the module's VCC and GND terminals
4const int SENSE_PIN = A0;
5const float VREF = 5.00;       // 5V pininde ölçtüğün gerilim / voltage you measured on the 5V pin
6const float R1 = 30000.0;      // üst direnç (ohm) / top resistor (ohms)
7const float R2 = 7500.0;       // alt direnç (ohm) / bottom resistor (ohms)
8const float CAL = 1.000;       // kalibrasyon: gerçek / okunan / calibration: real / measured
9const int SAMPLES = 32;        // ortalama için örnek sayısı / samples to average
10
11float readVoltage() {
12  analogRead(SENSE_PIN);                    // ilk okumayı at / discard the first reading
13  unsigned long sum = 0;
14  for (int i = 0; i < SAMPLES; i++) {
15    sum += analogRead(SENSE_PIN);
16    delayMicroseconds(500);
17  }
18  float adc = (float)sum / SAMPLES;         // 0-1023 arası ortalama / average between 0 and 1023
19  float vPin = adc * VREF / 1024.0;         // pindeki gerilim / voltage at the pin
20  return vPin * (R1 + R2) / R2 * CAL;       // bölücüden önceki gerilim / voltage before the divider
21}
22
23void setup() {
24  Serial.begin(9600);
25}
26
27void loop() {
28  float v = readVoltage();
29  if (v < 0.05) v = 0.0;                    // boşta gürültüyü sıfırla / zero the noise when idle
30  Serial.print(F("Gerilim / Voltage: "));
31  Serial.print(v, 2);
32  Serial.println(F(" V"));
33  delay(500);
34}

1// Kendi besleme gerilimini ölçen voltmetre (ATmega328P: Uno, Nano, Pro Mini)
2// Voltmeter that measures its own supply (ATmega328P: Uno, Nano, Pro Mini)
3const int SENSE_PIN = A0;
4const float R1 = 30000.0;      // üst direnç / top resistor
5const float R2 = 7500.0;       // alt direnç / bottom resistor
6long bandgapMv = 1100;         // iç referans (mV), kalibrasyonla düzelt / internal reference (mV), fix by calibration
7
8long readVccMv() {
9  // Referans AVcc, ölçülen kanal iç 1,1 V / reference AVcc, measured channel is the internal 1.1 V
10  ADMUX = _BV(REFS0) | _BV(MUX3) | _BV(MUX2) | _BV(MUX1);
11  delay(2);                                  // referans otursun / let the reference settle
12  ADCSRA |= _BV(ADSC);                       // dönüşümü başlat / start a conversion
13  while (bit_is_set(ADCSRA, ADSC)) {}        // bitmesini bekle / wait until it finishes
14  unsigned int raw = ADCW;                   // 10 bit sonuç / 10-bit result
15  return bandgapMv * 1024L / raw;            // Vcc = 1,1 V x 1024 / okunan / Vcc = 1.1 V x 1024 / reading
16}
17
18float readVoltage(float vcc) {
19  analogRead(SENSE_PIN);                     // kanal değişti, ilk okumayı at / channel changed, discard first
20  unsigned long sum = 0;
21  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) sum += analogRead(SENSE_PIN);
22  float vPin = (sum / 32.0) * vcc / 1024.0;
23  return vPin * (R1 + R2) / R2;
24}
25
26void setup() {
27  Serial.begin(9600);
28}
29
30void loop() {
31  float vcc = readVccMv() / 1000.0;
32  float v = readVoltage(vcc);
33  Serial.print(F("Vcc: "));
34  Serial.print(vcc, 3);
35  Serial.print(F(" V   Giris / Input: "));
36  Serial.print(v, 2);
37  Serial.println(F(" V"));
38  delay(500);
39}

1// LCD ekranlı dijital voltmetre (0-25 V, min/maks) / Digital voltmeter with LCD (0-25 V, min/max)
2// LCD: SDA -> A4, SCL -> A5, VCC -> 5V, GND -> GND; sensör S -> A0 / sensor S -> A0
3#include <Wire.h>
4#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
5
6LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);   // adres 0x27 ya da 0x3F / address 0x27 or 0x3F
7
8const int SENSE_PIN = A0;
9const float VREF = 5.00;              // 5V pininde ölçülen / measured on the 5V pin
10const float RATIO = (30000.0 + 7500.0) / 7500.0;   // = 5,0
11const float CAL = 1.000;              // kalibrasyon katsayısı / calibration factor
12
13float vMin = 99.99;
14float vMax = 0.0;
15
16float readVoltage() {
17  analogRead(SENSE_PIN);
18  unsigned long sum = 0;
19  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) sum += analogRead(SENSE_PIN);
20  float v = (sum / 32.0) * VREF / 1024.0 * RATIO * CAL;
21  return v < 0.05 ? 0.0 : v;
22}
23
24void printField(float value) {
25  char buf[8];
26  dtostrf(value, 5, 2, buf);          // sabit genişlik: " 9.87" / fixed width: " 9.87"
27  lcd.print(buf);
28}
29
30void setup() {
31  lcd.init();
32  lcd.backlight();
33  lcd.print(F("Voltmetre 0-25V"));
34  delay(1000);
35  lcd.clear();
36}
37
38void loop() {
39  float v = readVoltage();
40  if (v > 0.5) {                      // boştayken min/maks güncelleme / don't update min/max when idle
41    if (v < vMin) vMin = v;
42    if (v > vMax) vMax = v;
43  }
44
45  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
46  lcd.print(F("V: "));
47  printField(v);
48  lcd.print(F(" V      "));
49
50  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
51  lcd.print(F("L"));
52  printField(vMin > 99.0 ? 0.0 : vMin);
53  lcd.print(F("  H"));
54  printField(vMax);
55  lcd.print(F("  "));
56  delay(300);
57}

1// ESP32 voltmetre: 100k + 10k bölücü ile 0-25 V / ESP32 voltmeter: 0-25 V with a 100k + 10k divider
2// Kaynak + -> 100k -> GPIO 34 -> 10k -> GND, kaynak - -> GND / source + -> 100k -> GPIO 34 -> 10k -> GND
3const int SENSE_PIN = 34;                 // ADC1_CH6, Wi-Fi açıkken de çalışır / works with Wi-Fi on
4const float RATIO = (100000.0 + 10000.0) / 10000.0;   // = 11,0
5const float GAIN = 1.000;                 // iki noktalı kalibrasyon: eğim / two-point calibration: slope
6const float OFFSET = 0.00;                // iki noktalı kalibrasyon: kayma (V) / two-point calibration: offset (V)
7
8float readVoltage() {
9  uint32_t mv = 0;
10  for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
11    mv += analogReadMilliVolts(SENSE_PIN);   // fabrika kalibrasyonlu mV / factory-calibrated mV
12  }
13  float vPin = mv / 64.0 / 1000.0;           // pindeki gerilim (V) / voltage at the pin (V)
14  float v = vPin * RATIO * GAIN + OFFSET;
15  return v < 0.10 ? 0.0 : v;
16}
17
18void setup() {
19  Serial.begin(115200);
20  analogReadResolution(12);                  // 0-4095
21}
22
23void loop() {
24  float v = readVoltage();
25  Serial.printf("Gerilim / Voltage: %.2f V\n", v);
26  delay(500);
27}

1# Raspberry Pi Pico voltmetre (MicroPython) / Raspberry Pi Pico voltmeter (MicroPython)
2# Kaynak + -> 100k -> GP26 -> 10k -> GND / source + -> 100k -> GP26 -> 10k -> GND
3from machine import ADC
4import time
5
6sense = ADC(26)            # GP26 = ADC0 (pin 31)
7vsys = ADC(29)             # GP29 = VSYS / 3 (yalnız standart Pico / standard Pico only)
8VREF = 3.3                 # ADC_VREF; multimetreyle ölçüp düzelt / measure and correct with a multimeter
9RATIO = (100000 + 10000) / 10000    # = 11.0
10GAIN = 1.000               # iki noktalı kalibrasyon: eğim / two-point calibration: slope
11OFFSET = 0.00              # iki noktalı kalibrasyon: kayma (V) / two-point calibration: offset (V)
12
13
14def pin_voltage(adc, samples=64):
15    total = 0
16    for _ in range(samples):
17        total += adc.read_u16()            # 0-65535
18    return total / samples * VREF / 65535  # pindeki gerilim / voltage at the pin
19
20
21while True:
22    v_in = pin_voltage(sense) * RATIO * GAIN + OFFSET
23    if v_in < 0.05:
24        v_in = 0.0
25    v_sys = pin_voltage(vsys) * 3          # VSYS = GP29 x 3
26    print("Giris / Input: {:.2f} V   VSYS: {:.2f} V".format(v_in, v_sys))
27    time.sleep(0.5)

1// INA219 + I2C LCD ile wattmetre: V, A, W ve Wh / Wattmeter with INA219 + I2C LCD: V, A, W and Wh
2// Kaynak + -> INA219 VIN+ ; INA219 VIN- -> yük + ; yük - -> kaynak - -> Arduino GND
3// Source + -> INA219 VIN+ ; INA219 VIN- -> load + ; load - -> source - -> Arduino GND
4#include <Wire.h>
5#include <Adafruit_INA219.h>
6#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
7
8Adafruit_INA219 ina219;               // varsayılan adres 0x40 / default address 0x40
9LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);
10
11float energyWh = 0.0;
12unsigned long lastMs = 0;
13
14void printField(float value, int width, int decimals) {
15  char buf[10];
16  dtostrf(value, width, decimals, buf);
17  lcd.print(buf);
18}
19
20void setup() {
21  Serial.begin(9600);
22  lcd.init();
23  lcd.backlight();
24  if (!ina219.begin()) {              // modül bulunamadı / module not found
25    lcd.print(F("INA219 yok!"));
26    while (true) delay(10);
27  }
28  // ina219.setCalibration_16V_400mA();  // küçük akımlar için daha hassas / finer for small currents
29  lastMs = millis();
30}
31
32void loop() {
33  float busV = ina219.getBusVoltage_V();           // VIN- ile GND arası / between VIN- and GND
34  float shuntMv = ina219.getShuntVoltage_mV();     // şönt üzerindeki düşüm / drop across the shunt
35  float loadV = busV + shuntMv / 1000.0;           // kaynağın gerilimi / source voltage
36  float currentA = ina219.getCurrent_mA() / 1000.0;
37  float powerW = loadV * currentA;
38
39  unsigned long now = millis();
40  energyWh += powerW * (now - lastMs) / 3600000.0; // W x saat = Wh / W x hours = Wh
41  lastMs = now;
42
43  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
44  printField(loadV, 5, 2);  lcd.print(F("V "));
45  printField(currentA, 6, 3); lcd.print(F("A  "));
46  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
47  printField(powerW, 6, 2); lcd.print(F("W "));
48  printField(energyWh, 6, 2); lcd.print(F("Wh"));
49
50  Serial.print(loadV, 2);    Serial.print(F(" V, "));
51  Serial.print(currentA, 3); Serial.print(F(" A, "));
52  Serial.print(powerW, 2);   Serial.print(F(" W, "));
53  Serial.print(energyWh, 3); Serial.println(F(" Wh"));
54  delay(500);
55}

1// Pil kapasite test cihazı: mAh, Wh ve iç direnç / Battery capacity tester: mAh, Wh and internal resistance
2// Pil + -> 10k -> A0 ; pil + -> 4,7 ohm yük -> MOSFET drain ; drain -> 10k -> A1
3// Battery + -> 10k -> A0 ; battery + -> 4.7 ohm load -> MOSFET drain ; drain -> 10k -> A1
4// MOSFET source -> GND ; gate <- D9 (220 ohm), gate -> 100k -> GND ; pil - / battery - -> GND
5const int BAT_PIN = A0;
6const int DRAIN_PIN = A1;
7const int LOAD_PIN = 9;
8const float VREF = 5.00;        // 5V pininde ölçülen / measured on the 5V pin
9const float R_LOAD = 4.7;       // yük direnci, multimetreyle ölç / load resistor, measure it
10const float CUTOFF_V = 3.00;    // Li-ion 3,00 V ; alkalin AA / alkaline AA 0,90 V
11
12float mAh = 0.0;
13float wh = 0.0;
14unsigned long lastMs = 0;
15unsigned long startMs = 0;
16bool running = false;
17
18float readPin(int pin) {
19  analogRead(pin);                          // kanal değişti, ilk okumayı at / discard first reading
20  unsigned long sum = 0;
21  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) sum += analogRead(pin);
22  return (sum / 32.0) * VREF / 1024.0;
23}
24
25float loadCurrent(float vBat) {
26  return (vBat - readPin(DRAIN_PIN)) / R_LOAD;   // dirençteki gerilim / R / voltage across R / R
27}
28
29void setup() {
30  Serial.begin(9600);
31  pinMode(LOAD_PIN, OUTPUT);
32  digitalWrite(LOAD_PIN, LOW);              // yük kapalı / load off
33  delay(1000);
34
35  float vOpen = readPin(BAT_PIN);           // yüksüz gerilim / open-circuit voltage
36  if (vOpen < CUTOFF_V + 0.1) {
37    Serial.println(F("Pil zayif ya da takili degil / Battery low or missing"));
38    return;
39  }
40  digitalWrite(LOAD_PIN, HIGH);             // yükü aç / load on
41  delay(1000);
42  float vLoad = readPin(BAT_PIN);
43  float amps = loadCurrent(vLoad);
44  Serial.print(F("Bos / Open: "));
45  Serial.print(vOpen, 3);
46  Serial.print(F(" V  Yuklu / Loaded: "));
47  Serial.print(vLoad, 3);
48  Serial.print(F(" V  Ic direnc / Internal R: "));
49  Serial.print((vOpen - vLoad) / amps * 1000.0, 0);
50  Serial.println(F(" mOhm"));
51
52  running = true;
53  startMs = lastMs = millis();
54}
55
56void loop() {
57  if (!running) return;
58  unsigned long now = millis();
59  if (now - lastMs < 1000) return;          // saniyede bir ölç / measure once per second
60
61  float hours = (now - lastMs) / 3600000.0;
62  lastMs = now;
63  float vBat = readPin(BAT_PIN);
64  float amps = loadCurrent(vBat);
65  mAh += amps * 1000.0 * hours;             // akım x süre / current x time
66  wh += vBat * amps * hours;
67
68  Serial.print((now - startMs) / 1000);
69  Serial.print(F(" s  "));
70  Serial.print(vBat, 3);
71  Serial.print(F(" V  "));
72  Serial.print(amps, 3);
73  Serial.print(F(" A  "));
74  Serial.print(mAh, 0);
75  Serial.println(F(" mAh"));
76
77  if (vBat <= CUTOFF_V) {                   // kesme gerilimi / cut-off voltage
78    digitalWrite(LOAD_PIN, LOW);
79    running = false;
80    Serial.print(F("Bitti / Done: "));
81    Serial.print(mAh, 0);
82    Serial.print(F(" mAh, "));
83    Serial.print(wh, 2);
84    Serial.println(F(" Wh"));
85  }
86}