論理ゲートの解説：AND、OR、NOT、XORの真理値表とArduino

1// Mantık kapısı simülatörü: 2 buton, 7 LED / Logic gate simulator: 2 buttons, 7 LEDs
2const byte PIN_A = 2;   // A butonu, diğer ucu GND / button A, other leg to GND
3const byte PIN_B = 3;   // B butonu, diğer ucu GND / button B, other leg to GND
4
5// Sıra: AND, OR, NOT A, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR / Order: AND, OR, NOT A, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR
6const byte LED_PINS[7] = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
7const char* const GATE_NAMES[7] = {"AND", "OR", "NOT A", "NAND", "NOR", "XOR", "XNOR"};
8
9byte lastInputs = 0xFF;   // ilk turda yazdırmayı zorlar / forces a print on the first pass
10
11void setup() {
12  pinMode(PIN_A, INPUT_PULLUP);
13  pinMode(PIN_B, INPUT_PULLUP);
14  for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
15    pinMode(LED_PINS[i], OUTPUT);
16  }
17  Serial.begin(9600);
18}
19
20void loop() {
21  // Basılı buton LOW okunur, ! ile 1 yapılır / A pressed button reads LOW, ! turns it into 1
22  bool a = !digitalRead(PIN_A);
23  bool b = !digitalRead(PIN_B);
24
25  bool out[7];
26  out[0] = a && b;      // AND
27  out[1] = a || b;      // OR
28  out[2] = !a;          // NOT A
29  out[3] = !(a && b);   // NAND
30  out[4] = !(a || b);   // NOR
31  out[5] = a != b;      // XOR: girişler farklı mı? / are the inputs different?
32  out[6] = a == b;      // XNOR: girişler aynı mı? / are the inputs equal?
33
34  for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
35    digitalWrite(LED_PINS[i], out[i] ? HIGH : LOW);
36  }
37
38  // Yalnız girişler değişince yaz / Print only when the inputs change
39  byte inputs = (a << 1) | b;
40  if (inputs != lastInputs) {
41    Serial.print("A=");
42    Serial.print(a);
43    Serial.print(" B=");
44    Serial.print(b);
45    for (byte i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
46      Serial.print("  ");
47      Serial.print(GATE_NAMES[i]);
48      Serial.print('=');
49      Serial.print(out[i]);
50    }
51    Serial.println();
52    lastInputs = inputs;
53  }
54  delay(20);   // basit sıçrama önleme / simple debounce
55}

1// Bit işlemleriyle doğruluk tablosu ve 4 bitlik toplayıcı / Truth tables with bitwise ops and a 4-bit adder
2// Her bit bir satırdır: bit 0 = (A=0, B=0) ... bit 3 = (A=1, B=1) / Each bit is one row: bit 0 = (A=0, B=0) ... bit 3 = (A=1, B=1)
3const byte COL_A = 0b1100;
4const byte COL_B = 0b1010;
5const byte MASK  = 0b1111;   // yalnız 4 satır / only 4 rows
6
7void printRow(const char* name, byte column) {
8  Serial.print(name);
9  Serial.print('\t');
10  for (byte row = 0; row < 4; row++) {
11    Serial.print(bitRead(column, row));   // satır satır yaz / print row by row
12    Serial.print("  ");
13  }
14  Serial.println();
15}
16
17// Tam toplayıcı: iki bit + gelen elde / Full adder: two bits + carry in
18void fullAdder(byte a, byte b, byte carryIn, byte &sum, byte &carryOut) {
19  sum = a ^ b ^ carryIn;                         // XOR'lar toplamı verir / XORs give the sum
20  carryOut = (a & b) | (carryIn & (a ^ b));      // AND + OR eldeyi verir / AND + OR give the carry
21}
22
23// 4 tam toplayıcı zincirlenir (ripple carry) / 4 full adders chained (ripple carry)
24byte add4(byte x, byte y, byte &carryOut) {
25  byte result = 0;
26  byte carry = 0;
27  for (byte i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
28    byte s, c;
29    fullAdder(bitRead(x, i), bitRead(y, i), carry, s, c);
30    bitWrite(result, i, s);
31    carry = c;
32  }
33  carryOut = carry;
34  return result;
35}
36
37void setup() {
38  Serial.begin(9600);
39  Serial.println(F("AB:\t00 01 10 11"));
40  printRow("AND",  COL_A & COL_B);
41  printRow("OR",   COL_A | COL_B);
42  printRow("NAND", ~(COL_A & COL_B) & MASK);   // ~ sonrası maske şart / mask is required after ~
43  printRow("NOR",  ~(COL_A | COL_B) & MASK);
44  printRow("XOR",  COL_A ^ COL_B);
45  printRow("XNOR", ~(COL_A ^ COL_B) & MASK);
46
47  byte carry;
48  byte s = add4(9, 12, carry);   // 1001 + 1100
49  Serial.print(F("9 + 12 = "));
50  Serial.print(s + carry * 16);  // elde 16'lar basamağıdır / the carry is the 16s place
51  Serial.print(F("  (toplam / sum = "));
52  Serial.print(s, BIN);
53  Serial.print(F(", elde / carry = "));
54  Serial.print(carry);
55  Serial.println(')');
56}
57
58void loop() {
59}

1// 74HC00 / 08 / 32 / 86 tanıyıcı ve test cihazı / 74HC00 / 08 / 32 / 86 identifier and tester
2// Entegre: bacak 14 -> 5V, bacak 7 -> GND / Chip: pin 14 -> 5V, pin 7 -> GND
3// Her kapı: {A, B, Y} Arduino pinleri / Each gate: {A, B, Y} Arduino pins
4const byte GATES[4][3] = {
5  {2, 3, 4},      // kapı 1: entegre 1, 2 -> 3 / gate 1: chip 1, 2 -> 3
6  {5, 6, 7},      // kapı 2: entegre 4, 5 -> 6 / gate 2: chip 4, 5 -> 6
7  {8, 9, 10},     // kapı 3: entegre 9, 10 -> 8 / gate 3: chip 9, 10 -> 8
8  {11, 12, A0}    // kapı 4: entegre 12, 13 -> 11 / gate 4: chip 12, 13 -> 11
9};
10
11// Desenin bit sırası: bit 0 = (0,0), bit 3 = (1,1) / Pattern bit order: bit 0 = (0,0), bit 3 = (1,1)
12const char* nameOf(byte pattern) {
13  switch (pattern) {
14    case 0b1000: return "AND (74HC08)";
15    case 0b1110: return "OR (74HC32)";
16    case 0b0111: return "NAND (74HC00)";
17    case 0b0110: return "XOR (74HC86)";
18    default:     return "?";
19  }
20}
21
22byte testGate(byte g) {
23  byte pattern = 0;
24  for (byte row = 0; row < 4; row++) {
25    digitalWrite(GATES[g][0], bitRead(row, 1));   // A = satırın üst biti / A = high bit of the row
26    digitalWrite(GATES[g][1], bitRead(row, 0));   // B = satırın alt biti / B = low bit of the row
27    delayMicroseconds(10);                        // kapı ~10 ns gecikir, bol pay / the gate needs ~10 ns, plenty of margin
28    bitWrite(pattern, row, digitalRead(GATES[g][2]));
29  }
30  return pattern;
31}
32
33void setup() {
34  Serial.begin(9600);
35  for (byte g = 0; g < 4; g++) {
36    pinMode(GATES[g][0], OUTPUT);
37    pinMode(GATES[g][1], OUTPUT);
38    pinMode(GATES[g][2], INPUT);
39  }
40
41  byte first = testGate(0);
42  bool allSame = true;
43  for (byte g = 0; g < 4; g++) {
44    byte p = testGate(g);
45    Serial.print(F("Kapi / Gate "));
46    Serial.print(g + 1);
47    Serial.print(F(": "));
48    Serial.print(nameOf(p));
49    Serial.print(F("  desen / pattern 0b"));
50    Serial.println(p, BIN);
51    if (p != first) allSame = false;
52  }
53
54  if (allSame && nameOf(first)[0] != '?') {
55    Serial.println(F("Sonuc / Result: entegre saglam / chip OK"));
56  } else {
57    Serial.println(F("Sonuc / Result: bozuk kapi ya da baglanti hatasi / faulty gate or wiring error"));
58  }
59}
60
61void loop() {
62}

1// ESP32 programlanabilir mantık kapısı / ESP32 programmable logic gate
2const int PIN_A = 25;      // A butonu, diğer ucu GND / button A, other leg to GND
3const int PIN_B = 26;      // B butonu / button B
4const int PIN_MODE = 27;   // kapı seçme butonu / gate select button
5const int PIN_LED = 23;    // çıkış LED'i (220 ohm) / output LED (220 ohm)
6
7const char* const NAMES[] = {"AND", "OR", "NAND", "NOR", "XOR", "XNOR"};
8const int GATE_COUNT = 6;
9const unsigned long DEBOUNCE_MS = 30;   // sıçrama süresi / bounce time
10
11int gate = 0;
12int modeStable = HIGH;            // kararlı buton durumu / stable button state
13int modeRaw = HIGH;               // son ham okuma / last raw reading
14unsigned long modeChangedAt = 0;  // ham değerin son değiştiği an / when the raw value last changed
15
16bool evaluate(int g, bool a, bool b) {
17  switch (g) {
18    case 0:  return a && b;
19    case 1:  return a || b;
20    case 2:  return !(a && b);
21    case 3:  return !(a || b);
22    case 4:  return a != b;     // XOR
23    default: return a == b;     // XNOR
24  }
25}
26
27void setup() {
28  Serial.begin(115200);
29  pinMode(PIN_A, INPUT_PULLUP);
30  pinMode(PIN_B, INPUT_PULLUP);
31  pinMode(PIN_MODE, INPUT_PULLUP);
32  pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT);
33  Serial.printf("Kapi / Gate: %s\n", NAMES[gate]);
34}
35
36void loop() {
37  int reading = digitalRead(PIN_MODE);
38  if (reading != modeRaw) {          // ham değer değişti, süreyi yeniden başlat / raw value changed, restart the timer
39    modeRaw = reading;
40    modeChangedAt = millis();
41  }
42  // 30 ms boyunca sabit kaldıysa gerçek değişimdir / steady for 30 ms means a real change
43  if (millis() - modeChangedAt > DEBOUNCE_MS && reading != modeStable) {
44    modeStable = reading;
45    if (modeStable == LOW) {         // yeni basış (bırakma sayılmaz) / new press (release is ignored)
46      gate = (gate + 1) % GATE_COUNT;
47      Serial.printf("Kapi / Gate: %s\n", NAMES[gate]);
48    }
49  }
50
51  bool a = !digitalRead(PIN_A);   // basılı = 1 / pressed = 1
52  bool b = !digitalRead(PIN_B);
53  digitalWrite(PIN_LED, evaluate(gate, a, b) ? HIGH : LOW);
54}

1# Pico ile 6 mantık kapısı / 6 logic gates on the Pico
2from machine import Pin
3import time
4
5btn_a = Pin(14, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP)   # A butonu, diğer ucu GND / button A, other leg to GND
6btn_b = Pin(15, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP)   # B butonu / button B
7
8# GP16..GP21: AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR
9leds = [Pin(n, Pin.OUT) for n in range(16, 22)]
10gates = [
11    ("AND",  lambda a, b: a and b),
12    ("OR",   lambda a, b: a or b),
13    ("NAND", lambda a, b: not (a and b)),
14    ("NOR",  lambda a, b: not (a or b)),
15    ("XOR",  lambda a, b: a != b),
16    ("XNOR", lambda a, b: a == b),
17]
18
19last = None
20while True:
21    a = int(not btn_a.value())   # basılı = 1 / pressed = 1
22    b = int(not btn_b.value())
23    results = [int(f(a, b)) for _, f in gates]
24    for led, r in zip(leds, results):
25        led.value(r)
26    if (a, b) != last:           # yalnız değişince yaz / print only on change
27        line = " ".join("%s=%d" % (g[0], r) for g, r in zip(gates, results))
28        print("A=%d B=%d  %s" % (a, b, line))
29        last = (a, b)
30    time.sleep_ms(20)